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Blockchain is rapidly emerging as an important class of network application,with a unique set of trust, security and transparency properties. In ablockchain system, participants record and update the `server-side' state of anapplication as blocks of a replicated, immutable ledger using a consensusprotocol over the Internet. Mining blocks has become lucrative in recent years;e.g., a miner receives over USD 200,000 per mined block in Bitcoin today. A keyfactor affecting mining rewards, is the latency of broadcasting blocks over thenetwork. In this paper, we consider the problem of topology design foroptimizing mining rewards in a wide-area blockchain network that uses aProof-of-Work protocol for consensus. Contrary to general wisdom that a fasternetwork is always better for miners, we show a counter intuitive result where aslower network is actually beneficial to some miners. This is because competingminers must choose neighbors that not only decrease their own latency toothers, but also ensure that the latency between other miners do not decreasebecause of itself. We formalize this problem, and provide both theoreticalanalysis and experimental results to support our claim.

Less is More: Fairness in Wide-Area Proof-of-Work Blockchain Networks