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Reducing soil salinization of croplands with optimized irrigation and watermanagement is essential to achieve land degradation neutralization. Theeffectiveness and sustainability of various irrigation and water managementmeasures to reduce basin-scale salinization remain uncertain. Here we useremote sensing to estimate soil salinity of arid croplands from 1984 to 2018.We then use Bayesian network analysis to compare the spatial-temporal responseof salinity to water management, including various irrigation and drainagemethods, in ten large arid river basins: Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Tarim,Amu, Ili, Syr, Junggar, Colorado, and San Joaquin. Managers in basins at moreadvanced phases of development implemented drip and groundwater irrigation,which effectively controlled salinity by lowering groundwater levels. For theremaining basins where conventional flood irrigation is used, economicdevelopment and policies are crucial to establishing a virtuous circle ofimproving irrigation systems, reducing salinity, and increasing agriculturalincomes necessary to achieve LDN.

To reduce soil salinity: the role of irrigation and water management in global arid regions across development phases