English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Frequency control (FC) enables utility-scale grid-connected hybrid powerplants (HPPs) to operate in compliance with grid code requirements while tocapture value streams from provision of frequency control services (FCSs). Inthis paper, a novel hierarchical FC approach is proposed to allow HPPs toprovide three types of FCSs, namely fast frequency response (FFR), frequencycontainment response (FCR) and frequency restoration response (FRR). Toaccommodate state-of-the-art fast FC, controllers for fast FCSs, such as FFRand FCR, are implemented at asset controllers, while controllers for slow FCSslike FRR are implemented at plant controllers or the HPP controller (HPPC).Control counteraction issue, which arises across control hierarchy, is thendiscussed. To solve this issue, an innovative frequency response observer(FROB) is proposed. Inspired by the concept of disturbance observer (DOB), FROBat plant controllers and the HPPC accurately estimates frequency responseinitiated at asset controllers, and the obtained estimation is used for controlcompensation at plant controllers and the HPPC to avoid control counteraction.This scheme achieves robust performance even when there are systemuncertainties existing in HPPs, such as parameter uncertainty, unknown controlmalfunction, and time-varying communication delays. The proposed approach isimplemented in a power system dynamic model in MATLAB/Simulink to highlight itseffectiveness and robustness.

Hierarchical Frequency Control of Hybrid Power Plants Using Frequency Response Observer