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Active Brownian particles (ABPs) with pure repulsion is an ideal model tounderstand the effect of nonequilibrium on collective behaviors. It has longbeen established that activity can create effective attractions leading tomotility-induced phase separation (MIPS), whose role is similar to that of(inverse) temperature in the simplest equilibrium system with attractiveinter-particle interactions. Here, our theoretical analysis based on a kinetictheory of MIPS shows that a new type of activity-induced nonequilibriumvaporization is able to hinder the formation of dense phase when activity islarge enough. Such nonequilibrium vaporization along with the activity-inducedeffective attraction thus lead to a MIPS reentrance. Numerical simulationsverify such nonequilibrium effect induced solely by activity on phase behaviorsof ABPs, and further demonstrate the dependence of MIPS on activity and thestrength of inter-particle interaction predicted by our theoretical analysis.Our findings highlight the unique role played by the nonequilibrium nature ofactivity on phase behaviors of active systems, which may inspire deep insightsinto the essential difference between equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems.

Activity-induced Nonequilibrium Vaporization Leads to Reentrant Phase Separation