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Nontrivial topological structures of non-Abelian gauge fields were discoveredin the 1970's. Instanton solutions, describing vacuum tunneling throughtopological barriers, have fermionic zero modes which are at the origin of$^\prime$t Hooft effective Lagrangian. In the 1980's instanton ensembles havebeen used to explain chiral symmetry breaking. In the 1990's a large set ofnumerical simulations were performed deriving Euclidean correlation functions.The special role of scalar diquarks in nucleons, and color superconductivity indense quark matter have been elucidated.  In these lectures, we discuss further developments of physics related togauge topology. We show that the instanton-antiinstanton "streamline"configurations describe "sphaleron transitions" in high energy collisions,which result in production of hadronic clusters with nontrivialtopological/chiral charges. (They are not yet observed, but discussions ofdedicated experiments at LHC and RHIC are ongoing.)  Another new direction is instanton effects in hadronic spectroscopy, both inthe rest frame and on the light front. We will discuss their role in centraland spin-dependent potentials, formfactors and antiquark nuclear "sea".Finally, we summarize the advances in the semiclassical theory ofdeconfinement, and chiral phase transitions at finite temperature, in QCD andin some of its "deformed" versions.

Instanton effects in Euclidean vacuum, real time production and in the light front wave functions