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The principal Hugoniot of carbon, initially diamond, was measured from 3 to80 TPa (30 to 800 million atmospheres), the highest pressure ever achieved,using radiography of spherically-converging shocks. The shocks were generatedby ablation of a plastic coating by soft x-rays in a laser-heated hohlraum atthe National Ignition Facility (NIF). Experiments were performed with low andhigh drive powers, spanning different but overlapping pressure ranges. Theradius-time history of the shock, and the profile of mass density behind, weredetermined by profile-matching from a time-resolved x-ray radiograph across thediameter of the sphere. Above ~50 TPa, the heating induced by the shock wasgreat enough to ionize a significant fraction of K-shell electrons, reducingthe opacity to the 10.2 keV probe x-rays. The opacity and mass density werededuced simultaneously using the constraint that the total mass of the samplewas constant. The Hugoniot and opacity were consistent with density functionaltheory calculations of the electronic states and equation of state (EOS), andvaried significantly from theoretical Hugoniots based on Thomas-Fermi theory.Theoretical models used to predict the compressibility of diamond ablatorexperiments at the NIF, producing the highest neutron yields so far frominertial confinement fusion experiments, are qualitatively consistent with ourEOS measurements but appear to overpredict the compressibility slightly. Thesemeasurements help to evaluate theoretical techniques and constrain wide-rangeEOS models applicable to white dwarf stars, which are the ultimate evolutionaryform of at least 97% of stars in the galaxy.

Shock Hugoniot of diamond from 3 to 80 TPa