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Terahertz (THz) communications are regarded as a pillar technology for the 6Gsystems, by offering multi-ten-GHz bandwidth. To overcome the huge propagationloss while reducing the hardware complexity, THz ultra-massive (UM) MIMOsystems with hybrid beamforming are proposed to offer high array gain. Notably,the adjustable-phase-shifters considered in most existing hybrid beamformingstudies are power-hungry and difficult to realize in the THz band. Moreover,due to the ultra-massive antennas, full channel-state-information (CSI) ischallenging to obtain. To address these practical concerns, in this paper, anenergy-efficient dynamic-subarray with fixed-phase-shifters (DS-FPS)architecture is proposed for THz hybrid beamforming. To compensate for thespectral efficiency loss caused by the fixed-phase of FPS, a switch network isinserted to enable dynamic connections. In addition, by considering the partialCSI, we propose a row-successive-decomposition (RSD) algorithm to design thehybrid beamforming matrices for DS-FPS. A row-by-row (RBR) algorithm is furtherproposed to reduce computational complexity. Extensive simulation results showthat, the proposed DS-FPS architecture with the RSD and RBR algorithms achievesmuch higher energy efficiency than the existing architectures. Moreover, theDS-FPS architecture with partial CSI achieves 97% spectral efficiency of thatwith full CSI.

Dynamic-subarray with Fixed Phase Shifters for Energy-efficient Terahertz Hybrid Beamforming under Partial CSI