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Artifical superlattice (SL) potentials have been employed extensively forband structure engineering of two-dimensional (2D) Dirac electron gas ingraphene. While such engineered electronic band structures can modify opticalor plasmonic properties of graphene, an emergent polaritonic behavior beyondweak perturbative effects (e.g. anisotropic Drude weights) has not beenreported. Here, we show that an extreme modulation of one-dimensional (1D) SLpotentials in monolayer graphene deforms the underlying Dirac band dispersionand introduces ladder-like energy levels near the Fermi surface, which resultin emergent intersubband polaritonic responses in optical conductivity. In ourproposed system, hBN-encapsulated graphene is placed on top of a 1D periodicmetagate. In addition, a backgate placed beneath the metagate is used as thesecond gate, further modulating carrier density on regions in graphene that arenot directly screened by the metagate. With a strong carrier densitymodulation, graphene electrons experience an array of deep potential wells, andat large enough momenta perpendicular to the modulation direction, Diracelectrons are waveguided via total internal reflections. These waveguided modesappear as flat subbands with nearly equispaced energy levels. As a result,there arise hybrid intersubband-polaritons with ultra-strong coupling inplasmonic dispersions. Our study opens up an avenue for exploring emergentpolaritons in two-dimensional materials with gate-tunable electronic bandstructures.

Emergent intersubband-plasmon-polaritons of Dirac electrons under one-dimensional superlattices