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Despite the unsettled mechanism of electricity generation from the continuousflow of liquids on a surface, the charge-discharge theory has been widelyaccepted for alternating current (AC) generation from a moving droplet. It hasbeen recently extended to rationalize direct current (DC) generation across adroplet moving between two different materials. By designing a reconfigurablecontact between a metal wire and a water droplet moving on graphene, we showthat the charge-discharge theory cannot explain the reversal of current whenwater-metal interfaces switch from dynamic to static. All experiments can bedescribed after we distinguish a dynamic from a static interface and generalizethe photovoltaic-like effect to all dynamic junctions: excited electrons andholes in a moving interface will be separated and swept under the built-inelectrical field, leading to a DC response. This generalized theory will leadto an understanding and the design of efficient electricity generation based oninterfacial charge transfer.

Generalized Dynamic Junction Theory to Resolve the Mechanism of Direct Current Generation in Liquid-Solid Interfaces