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Shell-wise orbital slotting in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) can improve spacesafety, simplify space traffic coordination and management, and optimizeorbital capacity. This paper describes two methods to generate 2D LatticeFlower Constellations (2D-LFCs) that are defined with respect to either anarbitrary degree or an arbitrary degree and order Earth geopotential. Bygenerating shells that are quasi-periodic and frozen with respect to the Earthgeopotential, it is possible to safely stack shells with vertical separationdistances smaller than the osculating variation in semi-major axis of eachshell or a corresponding Keplerian 2D-LFC propagated under an asphericalgeopotential. This helps mitigate the single inclination per shell requirementin prior work by admitting more shells for a given orbital volume whileretaining self-safe phasing in each shell. These methods exploit previous workon the Time Distribution Constellation formulation and designs of closed2D-LFCs under arbitrary Earth geopotentials using repeating ground trackorbits. Factors that influence the widths and shapes of these frozen shells areidentified. Simplified formulas for estimating shell geometry and thickness arepresented. It is shown that sequencing shells to group similar or ascendinginclinations improves capacity versus arbitrary inclination ordering.

A Method for Generating Closely Packed Orbital Shells and the Implication on Orbital Capacity