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JavaScript (JS) is one of the most popular programming languages, and widelyused for web apps and even backend development. Due to its dynamic nature,however, JS applications often have a reputation for poor software quality. Asa type-safe superset of JavaScript, TypeScript (TS) offers features to addressthis. However, there is currently insufficient empirical evidence to broadlysupport the claim that TS apps exhibit better software quality than JS apps.  We therefore conducted a repository mining study based on 604 GitHub projects(299 for JS, 305 for TS) with over 16M LoC and collected four facets ofsoftware quality: a) code quality (# of code smells per LoC), b) codeunderstandability (cognitive complexity per LoC), c) bug proneness (bug fixcommit ratio), and d) bug resolution time (mean time a bug issue is open). ForTS, we also collected how frequently the type-safety ignoring `any` type wasused.  The analysis indicates that TS apps exhibit significantly better code qualityand understandability than JS apps. Contrary to expectations, however, bugproneness and bug resolution time of our TS sample were not significantly lowerthan for JS: mean bug fix commit ratio was more than 60% larger (0.126 vs.0.206), and TS projects needed on average more than an additional day to fixbugs (31.86 vs. 33.04 days). Furthermore, reducing the usage of the `any` typein TS apps was significantly correlated with all metrics except bug proneness(Spearman's rho between 0.17 and 0.26).  Our results indicate that the perceived positive influence of TypeScript foravoiding bugs in comparison to JavaScript may be more complicated than assumed.While using TS seems to have benefits, it does not automatically lead to lessand easier to fix bugs. However, more research is needed in this area,especially concerning the potential influence of project complexity anddeveloper experience.

To Type or Not to Type? A Systematic Comparison of the Software Quality of JavaScript and TypeScript Applications on GitHub