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Over sixty years ago, it was hypothesized that specially designed acousticsystems that leveraged the acoustoelectric effect between phonons and chargecarriers could revolutionize radio frequency electronic systems by allowingnonlinear and nonreciprocal functionalities such as gain and isolation to beachieved in the acoustic domain. Despite six decades of work, noacoustoelectric amplifier has been produced that can achieve a large net(terminal) gain at microwave frequencies with low power consumption and noisefigure. Here we demonstrate a novel three-layer acoustoelectric heterostructurethat enables the first-ever continuously operating acoustoelectric amplifierwith terminal gain at gigahertz frequencies. We achieve a terminal gain of11.25 dB in a 500 micron long device, operating at 1 GHz with a DC powerdissipation of 19.6 mW. We also realize broadband gain from 0.25-3.4 GHz andnonreciprocal transmission exceeding 44 dB at 1 GHz. Our acoustic noise figureis 2.8 dB, which is the lowest-ever demonstrated noise figure for anacoustoelectric amplifier. We discuss generally how to optimize theseacoustoelectric heterostructures and show that it should be immediatelyachievable to produce devices with even larger gain in shorter lengths whilesimultaneously having lower power consumption and noise figure.

Nonreciprocal low-noise acoustoelectric microwave amplifiers with net gain in continuous operation