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Two new control volume solvers multiFluidInterFoam andrheoMultiFluidInterFoam are presented for the simulation of Newtonian andnon-Newtonian n-phase flows, respectively, fully accounting for interfacialtension and contact-angle effects for each phase. The multiFluidInterFoamsolver modifies certain crucial aspects of the regular multiphaseInterFoamsolver provided by OpenFOAM for Newtonian flows, improving its efficiency androbustness, but most importantly improving considerably its accuracy forsurface tension driven flows. The new solver uses the volume-of-fluid (VOF)method based on the MULES method and artificial interface compression for theinterface capturing, in combination with a suitable continuum surface forcemodel; i.e. the interfacial tension coefficient decomposition method isemployed to treat pairings of interfacial tension between the phases. VOFsmoothing is also implemented by applying a Laplacian filter on thedistribution of volume fractions. The rheoMultiFluidInterFoam solver is capableof fully taking into account complex non-Newtonian effects (e.g. yield stress,viscoelasticity, etc.) of the involved liquids. To this end, the developedsolver incorporates the RheoTool toolbox (Pimenta and Alves (2017) J.Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 239, 85-104), utilizing a wealth of constitutiveequations suitable for modelling different types of fluids with complexrheology. Our solvers are tested for a wide range of different flow setups,considering typical benchmark two-phase and three-phase flows; flows involvingNewtonian, viscoplastic and viscoelastic liquids have been considered.Comparisons against analytical solutions or previously published numerical dataare performed clearly demonstrating the capability of the new solvers toefficiently and accurately simulate interfacial tension dominated three-phaseflows for both simple and complex liquids.

Open-source finite volume solvers for multiphase (n-phase) flows involving either Newtonian or non-Newtonian complex fluids