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Copper oxide high temperature superconductors universally exhibit multipleforms of electronically ordered phases that break the native translationalsymmetry of the CuO2 planes. The interplay between these orders and thesuperconducting ground state, as well as how they arise through doping a Mottinsulator, is essential to decode the mechanisms of high-temperaturesuperconductivity. Over the years, various forms of electronic liquid crystalphases including charge/spin stripes and incommensurate charge-density-waves(CDWs) were found to emerge out of a correlated metallic ground state inunderdoped cuprates. Early theoretical studies also predicted the emergence ofa Coulomb-frustrated 'charge crystal' phase in the very lightly-doped,insulating limit of the CuO2 planes. Here, we use resonant X-ray scattering,electron transport, and muon spin rotation measurements to fully resolve theelectronic and magnetic ground state and search for signatures of charge orderin very lightly hole-doped cuprates from the RBa2Cu3O7-d family (RBCO; R: Y orrare earth). X-ray scattering data from RBCO films reveal a breaking oftranslational symmetry more pervasive than was previously known, extending downto the Mott limit. The ordering vector of this charge crystal state is linearlyconnected to the charge-density-waves of underdoped RBCO, suggesting that theformer phase is a precursor to the latter as hole doping is increased. Mostimportantly, the coexistence of charge and spin order in RBCO suggests thatthis electronic symmetry-breaking state is common to the CuO2 planes in thevery lightly-doped regime. These findings bridge the gap between the Mottinsulating state and the underdoped metallic state and underscore the prominentrole of Coulomb-frustrated electronic phase separation among all cuprates.

Discovery of an electronic crystal in a cuprate Mott insulator