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Phase change energy storage is getting increasing attention as arepresentative technology to achieve carbon neutrality. The phase changeprocess exists typical phenomenon of asymmetry that affects the energy storageperformance. However, the mechanism of asymmetry is currently lack ofelaboration because the half domain model is always used to simplify thenumerical simulation and avoid the appearance of asymmetry. In this study, theentire domain model and boundary conditions were adopted and numericallysimulated for the melting process of paraffin wax, i.e., the charging processof energy storage. The nonlinear dynamics method was applied to explain theasymmetric flow and heat transfer phenomenon. The three-stage characteristicbased on charging speed was proposed for charging process and was explained bythermal conduction or natural convection. The asymmetric phenomenon waselaborated on the cause of formation, change mechanism, and effect evaluation.Results show that natural convection accounts for the multiple solutions(including the asymmetric ones) of charging process. It is also pointed outthat asymmetric solutions can exist under symmetric geometry structure. Toaccurately solve the charging process, it is necessary to use the entire domainmodel. Both the charging speed and energy storage capacity have a positivecorrelation with asymmetry. Thus, a potential idea for energy storageapplication was proposed to increase the charging speed; that is, addingthermal disturbance during the melting process to destroy flow stability and toenhance convective heat transfer. The research methods and findings willsupport the development of energy storage and numerical investigation in otherrelated areas.

Asymmetric phenomenon of flow and heat transfer in charging process of thermal energy storage based on an entire domain model