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Vaccination has been promoted to mitigate the spread of the coronavirusdisease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccination is expected to reduce the probability ofand alleviate the seriousness of COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, this mightsignificantly change an individuals subjective well-being and mental health.However, it is unknown how vaccinated people perceive the effectiveness ofCOVID-19 and how their subjective well-being and mental health change aftervaccination. We thus observed the same individuals on a monthly basis fromMarch 2020 to September 2021 in all parts of Japan. Then, large sample paneldata (N=54,007) were independently constructed. Using the data, we compared theindividuals perceptions of COVID-19, subjective well-being, and mental healthbefore and after vaccination. Furthermore, we compared the effect ofvaccination on the perceptions of COVID-19 and mental health for females andmales. We used the fixed-effects model to control for individual time-invariantcharacteristics. The major findings were as follows: First, the vaccinatedpeople perceived the probability of getting infected and the seriousness ofCOVID-19 to be lower than before vaccination. This was observed not only whenwe used the whole sample, but also when we used sub-samples. Second, using thewhole sample, subjective well-being and mental health improved. The sameresults were also observed using the sub-sample of females, whereas theimprovements were not observed using a sub-sample of males.

Gender differences of the effect of vaccination on perceptions of COVID-19 and mental health in Japan