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This paper aims to combine both economic and network user equilibrium forride-sourcing and ride-pooling services, while endogenously optimizing thepooling sequence of two origin-destination (OD) pairs. With the growingpopularity of ride-sourcing and ride-pooling services provided bytransportation network companies (TNC), there lacks a theoretical networkequilibrium model that accounts for the emerging ride-pooling service, due tothe challenge in enumerating all possible combinations of OD pairs pooling andsequencing. This paper proposes a unified network equilibrium framework thatintegrates three modules, including travelers' modal choice between e-poolingand e-solo services, e-platforms' decision on vehicle dispatching anddriver-passenger matching, and network congestion. To facilitate therepresentation of vehicle and passenger OD flows and pooling options, a layeredOD graph is created encompassing ride-sourcing and ride-pooling services overorigins and destination nodes. Numerical examples are performed on both smalland large road networks to demonstrate the efficiency of our model. Theproposed equilibrium framework can efficiently assist policymakers and urbanplanners to evaluate the impact of TNCs on traffic congestion, and also helpTNCs with pricing and fleet sizing optimization.

A Unified Network Equilibrium for E-Hailing Platform Operation and Customer Mode Choice