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Although a general model of vacuum arcs and gradient limits would be widelyuseful, roughly 120 years after the first good experimental data on these arcs,this important field continues to be unsettled. This problem is a limitation ina number of technologies and has applications in many fields. Large tokamaksare sensitive to arcing on the plasma facing components, linac costs depend ontheir maximum operating fields, power transmission efficiency depends on thevoltage that can be maintained, and the efficiency of Atom Probe Tomographydepends on avoiding sample failures. A multidisciplinary study of this fieldcould improve the precision and applicability of the theoretical models used.We outline the basic mechanisms involved in arcing and the issues thatdetermine the physics of arcs. We divide the process into four stages; thetrigger, plasma formation, plasma evolution and surface damage, in order tolook at the physical principles involved. We try to identify the dominantmechanisms, critical issues and desirable aspects of an R&D program to producea more precise and general model.

Understanding Vacuum Arcs and Gradient Limits