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Spatial separation is often included in models of ethnic divergence but ithas also been realised that urban subcultures can, and frequently do, emerge insympatry. Previous research tended to attribute this phenomenon to the humantendency to imitate self-similar individuals and actively differentiate oneselffrom individuals recognized as members of an outgroup. Application of such amodel to non-human animals has been, however, viewed as problematic. We presenta parsimonious model of subculture emergence where the algorithm of sociallearning does not require the assumption of an 'imitation threshold'. All ittakes is a slight modification of Galton-Pearson's biometric model previouslyused to approximate cultural inheritance. The new model includesproportionality between the variance of inputs (cultural 'parents') and thevariance of outputs (cultural 'offspring'). In this model, assortment alone canlead to the formation of distinct cohesive clusters of individuals(subcultures) with a low within-group and large between-group variability evenin absence of a spatial separation or disruptive natural selection. Sympatricemergence of arbitrary behavioural varieties preceding ecological divergencemay thus represent the norm, not the exception, in all cultural animals.

Assortative pairing alone can lead to a structured biota in organisms with cultural transmission