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The attainment of carbon neutrality requires a research agenda that addressesthe technical and economic challenges that will be encountered as we progresstoward 100% renewable electricity generation. Increasing proportions ofvariable renewable energy (VRE) sources (such as wind turbines and photovoltaicsystems) render the supply-and-demand balance of VRE-dominated power gridsdifficult. The operational characteristics and effects of VRE inverters alsorequire attention. Here, we examine the implications of the paradigm shift tocarbon neutrality and summarize the associated research challenges in terms ofsystem planning, operation, and sta-bility, and the need for energy storageintegration, demand-side participation, distributed con-trol and estimation,and energy sector coupling. We also highlight the existing literature gaps, andour recent studies that can fill in the gaps, thereby facilitating theimprovement of grid op-eration and estimation. The numerical results ofcomparative case studies are also provided on the operational stability andeconomics of power grids with a high level of VRE sources, assist-ingstakeholders in establishing specific roadmaps and making relevant decisions.

Research Needs for Realization of Zero-Carbon Power Grids with Selected Case Studies