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The International Ocean Model Benchmarking (IOMB) software package is a newcommunity resource used here to evaluate surface and upper ocean variables fromCMIP5 and CMIP6 Earth System Models (ESMs) Our analysis reveals generalimprovement in the multi-model mean of CMIP6 compared to CMIP5 for most of thevariables we examined including surface nutrients, temperature, and salinity.We find that both CMIP5 and CMIP6 ocean models underestimate anthropogeniccarbon dioxide uptake after the 1970s. For the period of 1994 to 2007, themulti-model mean from CMIP6 yields a mean cumulative carbon uptake of 27.2+-2.2 Pg C, which is about 15% lower than the 32.0+-5.7 Pg C estimate derivedfrom two sets of observations. Negative biases in the change in anthropogeniccarbon inventory exist in the northern North Atlantic and at mid-latitudes inthe southern hemisphere (30-60{\deg}S). For the few models that providedsimulations of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), we demonstrate that regions withnegative anthropogenic DIC biases coincide with regions that have a negativebias in CFC concentrations. This relationship suggests that underestimates ofanthropogenic carbon storage in some models originates, in part, from weaktransport between the surface and interior ocean. To examine the robustness ofthis attribution across the full suite of CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, we examinedthe vertical temperature gradient between 200 and 1000m as a metric forstratification and exchange between the surface and deeper waters. On a globalscale across different models and different MIPs we find a linear relationshipbetween the bias of vertical temperature gradients and the bias inanthropogenic carbon uptake, consistent with the hypothesis that model biasesin the ocean carbon sink are related to biases in surface-to-interiortransport.

Evaluation of CMIP models with IOMB: Rates of contemporary ocean carbon  uptake linked with vertical temperature gradients and transport to the ocean  interior