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Upgrading effluent standards of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) andrepairing sewerage systems leads to contradictions and synergies between waterpollution control and climate change mitigation. This affects historicaltrajectories and characteristics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from China'sWWTPs, which stay inadequately studied. Here we establish emissions inventoriesof China's WWTPs using plant-level WWTP operational data. We find that removedamount of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen increased 0.8 and 1.3times during 2009-2019, while WWTP GHG emissions increased 1.8 times, being 6times national GHG emissions growth rate. Increasing sludge yield andelectricity intensity became primary driving factors in 2015 because ofstricter effluent standards and lower influent contaminant concentration. Wedefined Functional Unit-Gini coefficient to quantify divergence of WWTP GHGemissions, which grew from 0.20 in 2009 to 0.29 in 2019. Diversified sludgedisposal methods and energy structure increased the inequality, while upgradingeffluent standards decreased it.

Increasing and Diverging Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Urban Wastewater Treatment in China