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"El Cielo de Salamanca" ("The Sky of Salamanca") is a quarter-sphere-shapedvault 8.70 metres in diameter. It was painted sometime between 1480 and 1493and shows five zodiacal constellations, three boreal and six austral. The Sunand Mercury are also represented. It formed part of a three times larger vaultdepicting the 48 Ptolemaic constellations and the rest of the planets known atthe time. This was a splendid work of art that covered the ceiling of the firstlibrary of the University of Salamanca, one of the oldest in Europe havingobtained its royal charter in 1218. But it was also a pioneering scientificwork: a planetarium used to teach astronomy, the first of its kind in thehistory of Astronomy that has come down to us in the preserved part that we nowcall "The Sky of Salamanca". We describe the scientific context surrounding thechair of Astrology founded around 1460 at the University of Salamanca, whichled to the production of this unique scientific work of art and to theflourishing of Astronomy in Salamanca. We analyse the possible dates compatiblewith it, showing that they are extremely infrequent. In the period of 1100years from 1200 to 2300 that we studied there are only 23 years that havefeasible days. We conclude that the information contained in "El Cielo deSalamanca" is not sufficient to assign it to a specific date but rather to aninterval of several days that circumstantial evidence seems to place in August1475. The same configuration of the sky will be observable, for the first timein 141 years, from the 22nd to the 25th of August 2022. The next occasion toobserve it live will be in 2060.

Astronomy at the University of Salamanca at the end of the 15th century. What "El Cielo de Salamanca" tells us