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Embedded controllers, sensors, actuators, advanced metering infrastructure,etc. are cornerstone components of cyber-physical energy systems such asmicrogrids (MGs). Harnessing their monitoring and control functionalities,sophisticated schemes enhancing MG stability can be deployed. However, thedeployment of `smart' assets increases the threat surface. Power systemspossess mechanisms capable of detecting abnormal operations. Furthermore, thelack of sophistication in attack strategies can render them detectable sincethey blindly violate power system semantics. On the other hand, the recentincrease of process-aware rootkits that can attain persistence and compromiseoperations in undetectable ways requires special attention. In this work, weinvestigate the steps followed by stealthy rootkits at the process level ofcontrol systems pre- and post-compromise. We investigate the rootkits'precompromise stage involving the deployment to multiple system locations andaggregation of system-specific information to build a neural network-basedvirtual data-driven model (VDDM) of the system. Then, during the weaponizationphase, we demonstrate how the VDDM measurement predictions are paramount, firstto orchestrate crippling attacks from multiple system standpoints, maximizingthe impact, and second, impede detection blinding system operator situationalawareness.

Behind Closed Doors: Process-Level Rootkit Attacks in Cyber-Physical Microgrid Systems