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The paper presents an effective macro-modelling approach, utilising ananisotropic material model with embedded discontinuities, for masonry archesand bridges under cyclic loading, including dynamic actions induced byearthquakes. Realistic numerical simulations of masonry arch bridges understatic and dynamic loading require accurate models representing theanionotropic nature of masonry and material nonlinearity due to opening andclosure of tensile cracks and shear sliding along mortar joints. The proposed3D modelling approach allows for masonry bond via simple calibration, andenables the representation of tensile cracking, crushing and shear damage inthe brickwork. A two-scale representation is adopted, where 3D continuumelements at the structural scale are linked to embedded nonlinear interfacesrepresenting the meso-structure of the material. The potential and accuracy ofthe proposed approach are shown in numerical examples and comparisons againstphysical experiments on masonry arches and bridges under static and dynamicloading.

A macro modelling continuum approach with embedded discontinuities for the assessment of masonry arch bridges under earthquake loading