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Developers often refactor code to improve the maintainability andcomprehension of the software. There are many studies on refactoring activitiesin traditional software systems. However, refactoring in data-intensive systemsis not well explored. Understanding the refactoring practices of developers isimportant to develop efficient tool support.We conducted a longitudinal studyof refactoring activities in data access classes using 12 data-intensivesubject systems. We investigated the prevalence and evolution of refactoringsand the association of refactorings with data access smells. We also conducteda manual analysis of over 378 samples of data access refactoring instances toidentify the functionalities of the code that are targeted by suchrefactorings. Our results show that (1) data access refactorings are prevalentand different in type. \textit{Rename variable} is the most prevalent dataaccess refactoring. (2) The prevalence and type of refactorings vary as systemsevolve in time. (3) Most data access refactorings target codes that implementdata fetching and insertion. (4) Data access refactorings do not generallytouch SQL queries. Overall, the results show that data access refactoringsfocus on improving the code quality but not the underlying data accessoperations. Hence, more work is needed from the research community on providingawareness and support to practitioners on the benefits of addressing dataaccess smells with refactorings.

Do Developers Refactor Data Access Code? An Empirical Study