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Deep energy decarbonization cannot be achieved without high penetration ofrenewables. At higher renewable energy penetrations, the variability andintermittent nature of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity can cause rampingissues with existing fossil fuel generation, requiring longer term energystorage to increase the reliability of grid operation. A proton exchangemembrane electrolyzer can produce H2and serves as a utility controllable load.The produced H2 can then be stored and converted back into electricity, ormixed with natural gas, or used as transportation fuel, or chemical feedstock.This paper considers the perspective of the distribution system operator thatoperates the distributed energy resources on a standard IEEE 33-nodedistribution network considering the technical and physical constraints withthe goal of minimizing total investment and operation cost. Different casestudies, at very high PV penetrations are considered to show the challenges andpath to net-zero emission energy production using H2 energy. Sensitivity ofutility PV costs and electrolyzer capital costs on producing H2 at $1/kg arepresented showing that the distribution network could produce 100% renewableelectricity and H2 could be produced with the same price by 2050 withconservative cost estimates and by 2030 with accelerated cost declines.

Hydrogen and Battery Storage Technologies for Low Cost Energy Decarbonization in Distribution Networks