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The use of antisolvents during the fabrication of solution-processed leadhalide perovskite layers is increasingly common. Usually, the antisolvent isapplied by pipetting during the spin-coating process, which often irreversiblyalters the composition of the perovskite layer, resulting in the formation ofPbI2 at the surface and bulk of the perovskite layer. Here, we demonstrate thatby applying the antisolvent via carrier-gas free spraying, the stoichiometry ofthe perovskite layer is far better preserved. Consequently, the photovoltaicperformance of triple cation photovoltaic devices fabricated in an invertedarchitecture is enhanced, mainly due to an increase in the open-circuitvoltage. By exploring different volumes of antisolvent, we show that sprayingas little as 60 uL results in devices with power conversion efficiencies ashigh as 21%. Moreover, solar cells with sprayed antisolvent are more stablethan those fabricated by pipetting the antisolvent.

Preserving the Stoichiometry of Triple-Cation Perovskites by Carrier-Gas-Free Antisolvent Spraying