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Some of the citation advantage in open access is likely due to more accessallows more people to read and hence cite articles they otherwise would not.However, causation is difficult to establish and there are many possible bias.Several factors can affect the observed differences in citation rates. Fundermandates can be one of them. Funders are likely to have OA requirement, andwell-funded studies are more likely to receive more citations than poorlyfunded studies. In this paper this hypothesis is tested. Thus, we studied theeffect of funding on the publication modality and the citations received inmore than 128 thousand research articles, of which 31% were funded. Theseresearch articles come from 40 randomly selected subject categories in the year2016, and the citations received from the period 2016-2020 in the Scopusdatabase. We found open articles published in hybrid journals were considerablymore cited than those in open access journals. Thus, articles under the hybridgold modality are cite on average twice as those in the gold modality. This isthe case regardless of funding, so this evidence is strong. Moreover, withinthe same publication modality, we found that funded articles generally obtain50% more citations than unfunded ones. The most cited modality is the hybridgold and the least cited is the gold, well below even the paywalled.Furthermore, the use of open access repositories considerably increases thecitations received, especially for those articles without funding. Thus, thearticles in open access repositories (green) are 50% more cited than thepaywalled ones. This evidence is remarkable and does not depend on funding.Excluding the gold modality, there is a citation advantage in more than 75% ofthe cases and it is considerably greater among unfunded articles. This resultis strong both across fields and over time.

The influence of funding on the Open Access citation advantage