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We present a novel grid-forming control design approach for dynamic virtualpower plants (DVPP). We consider a group of heterogeneous grid-formingdistributed energy resources (DER) which collectively provide desired dynamicancillary services, such as fast frequency and voltage control. To achievethat, we study the nontrivial aggregation of grid-forming DERs to establish theDVPP, and employ an adaptive divide-and-conquer strategy that disaggregates thedesired control specifications of the aggregate DVPP via adaptive dynamicparticipation factors to obtain local desired behaviors of each DER. We thendesign local controllers at the DER level to realize these local desiredbehaviors. In the process, physical and engineered limits of each DER are takeninto account. We extend the proposed approach to make it also compatible withgrid-following DER controls, thereby establishing the concept of so-calledhybrid DVPPs. Furthermore, we generalize the DVPP design to spatially dispersedDER locations in power grids with different voltage levels and R/X ratios.Finally, the DVPP control performance is verified via numerical case studies inthe IEEE nine-bus transmission grid with an interconnected medium voltagedistribution grid.

Grid-Forming and Spatially Distributed Control Design of Dynamic Virtual Power Plants