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After the successful detection of cosmic high-energy neutrinos, the field ofmultiwavelength photon studies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is entering anexciting new phase. The first hint of a possible neutrino signal from theblazar TXS 0506+056 leads to the anticipation that AGN could soon be identifiedas point sources of high-energy neutrino radiation, representing anothermessenger signature besides the well-established photon signature. Tounderstand the complex flaring behavior at multiwavelengths, a genuinetheoretical understanding needs to be developed. These observations of theelectromagnetic spectrum and neutrinos can only be interpreted fully when thecharged, relativistic particles responsible for the different emissions aremodeled properly. The description of the propagation of cosmic rays in amagnetized plasma is a complex question that can only be answered whenanalysing the transport regimes of cosmic rays in a quantitative way. In thispaper, we therefore present a quantitative analysis of the propagation regimesof cosmic rays in the approach that is most commonly used to model non-thermalemission signatures from blazars, i.e. the existence of a high-energycosmic-ray population in a relativistic plasmoid traveling along the jet axis.In this paper, we show that in the considered energy range of high-energyphoton and neutrino emission, the transition between diffusive and ballisticpropagation takes place, significantly influencing not only the spectral energydistribution but also the lightcurve of blazar flares.

Propagation of cosmic rays in plasmoids of AGN jets -- implications for multimessenger predictions