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Documents containing mathematical content remain largely inaccessible toblind and visually impaired readers because they are predominantly published asuntagged PDF which does not include the semantic data necessary for effectiveaccessibility. We present a browsing approach for print-disabled readersspecifically aimed at such mathematical content. This approach draws on thenavigational mechanisms often used to explore the virtual worlds of textadventure games with audio-visual sensory substitution for graphical content.The relative spatial placement of the elements of an equation are representedas a virtual world, so that the reader can navigate from element to element.Text elements are announced conventionally using synthesised speech whilegraphical elements, such as roots and fraction lines, are rendered using amodification of the vOICe algorithm. The virtual world allows the reader tointeractively discover the spatial structure of the equation, while therendition of graphical elements as sound allows the shape and identity ofelements that cannot be synthesised as speech to be discovered and recognised.The browsing approach was evaluated by eleven blind and fourteen sightedparticipants in a user trial that included the identification of twelveequations extracted from PDF documents. Overall, equations were identifiedcompletely correctly in 78% of cases (74% and 83% respectively for blind andsighted subjects). If partial correctness is considered, the performance issubstantially higher. We conclude that the integration of a spatial modelrepresented as a virtual world in conjunction with audio-visual sensorysubstitution for non-textual elements can be an effective way for blind andvisually impaired readers to read currently inaccessible mathematical contentin PDF documents.

Mathematical Content Browsing for Print-Disabled Readers Based on Virtual-World Exploration and Audio-Visual Sensory substitution