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Automotive-Industry 5.0 will use beyond fifth-generation (B5G) technologiesto provide robust, computationally intelligent, and energy-efficient datasharing among various onboard sensors, vehicles, and other devices. Recently,ambient backscatter communications (AmBC) have gained significant interest inthe research community for providing battery-free communications. AmBC canmodulate useful data and reflect it towards near devices using the energy andfrequency of existing RF signals. However, obtaining channel state information(CSI) for AmBC systems would be very challenging due to no pilot sequences andlimited power. As one of the latest members of multiple access technology,non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has emerged as a promising solution forconnecting large-scale devices over the same spectral resources in B5G wirelessnetworks. Under imperfect CSI, this paper provides a new optimization frameworkfor energy-efficient transmission in AmBC enhanced NOMA cooperativevehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks. We simultaneously minimize the totaltransmit power of the V2X network by optimizing the power allocation at BS andreflection coefficient at backscatter sensors while guaranteeing the individualquality of services. The problem of total power minimization is formulated asnon-convex optimization and coupled on multiple variables, making it complexand challenging. Therefore, we first decouple the original problem into twosub-problems and convert the nonlinear rate constraints into linearconstraints. Then, we adopt the iterative sub-gradient method to obtain anefficient solution. For comparison, we also present a conventional NOMAcooperative V2X network without AmBC. Simulation results show the benefits ofour proposed AmBC enhanced NOMA cooperative V2X network in terms of totalachievable energy efficiency.

Energy Efficiency Optimization for Backscatter Enhanced NOMA Cooperative V2X Communications under Imperfect CSI