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Building a successful community means governing active populations andlimited resources. This challenge often requires communities to design formalgovernance systems from scratch. But the characteristics of successfulinstitutional designs are unclear. Communities that are more mature andestablished may have more elaborate formal policy systems. Alternatively, theymay require less formalization precisely because of their maturity. Indeed,scholars often downplay the role that formal rules relative to unwritten rules,norms, and values. But in a community with formal rules, decisions are moreconsistent, transparent, and legitimate. To understand the relationship offormal institutions to community maturity and governance style, we conduct alarge-scale quantitative analysis applying institutional analysis frameworks ofself-governance scholar Elinor Ostrom to 80,000 communities across 3 platforms:the sandbox game Minecraft, the MMO game World of Warcraft, and Reddit. Weclassify communities' written rules to test predictors of institutionalformalization. From this analysis we extract two major findings. First,institutional formalization, the size and complexity of an online community'sgovernance system, is generally positively associated with maturity, asmeasured by age, population size, or degree of user engagement. Second, we findthat online communities employ similar governance styles across platforms,strongly favoring "weak" norms to "strong" requirements. These findings suggestthat designers and founders of online communities converge on styles ofgovernance practice that are correlated with successful self-governance. Withdeeper insights into the patterns of successful self-governance, we can helpmore communities overcome the challenges of self-governance and create fortheir members powerful experiences of shared meaning and collectiveempowerment.

Governing online goods: Maturity and formalization in Minecraft, Reddit, and World of Warcraft communities