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The top 1 percent most highly cited articles are watched closely as thevanguards of the sciences. Using Web of Science data, one can find that Chinahad overtaken the USA in the relative participation in the top 1 percent in2019, after outcompeting the EU on this indicator in 2015. However, thisfinding contrasts with repeated reports of Western agencies that the quality ofChinese output in science is lagging other advanced nations, even as it hascaught up in numbers of articles. The difference between the results presentedhere and the previous results depends mainly upon field normalizations, whichclassify source journals by discipline. Average citation rates of these subsetsare commonly used as a baseline so that one can compare among disciplines.However, the expected value of the top 1 percent of a sample of N papers is N100, ceteris paribus. Using the average citation rates as expected values,errors are introduced by using the mean of highly skewed distributions and aspecious precision in the delineations of the subsets. Classifications can beused for the decomposition, but not for the normalization. When the data isthus decomposed, the USA ranks ahead of China in biomedical fields such asvirology. Although the number of papers is smaller, China outperforms the US inthe field of Business and Finance in the Social Sciences Citation Index when pis less than .05. Using percentile ranks, subsets other than indexing basedclassifications can be tested for the statistical significance of differencesamong them.

A discussion of measuring the top-1 percent most-highly cited publications: Quality and impact of Chinese papers