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Logic locking "hides" the functionality of a digital circuit to protect itfrom counterfeiting, piracy, and malicious design modifications. The originaldesign is transformed into a "locked" design such that the circuit reveals itscorrect functionality only when it is "unlocked" with a secret sequence ofbits--the key bit-string. However, strong attacks, especially the SAT attackthat uses a SAT solver to recover the key bitstring, have been profoundlyeffective at breaking the locked circuit and recovering the circuitfunctionality.  We lift logic locking to Higher Order Logic Locking (HOLL) by hiding ahigher-order relation, instead of a key of independent values, challenging theattacker to discover this key relation to recreate the circuit functionality.Our technique uses program synthesis to construct the locked design andsynthesize a corresponding key relation. HOLL has low overhead and existingattacks for logic locking do not apply as the entity to be recovered is no morea value. To evaluate our proposal, we propose a new attack (SynthAttack) thatuses an inductive synthesis algorithm guided by an operational circuit as aninput-output oracle to recover the hidden functionality. SynthAttack isinspired by the SAT attack, and similar to the SAT attack, it is verifiablycorrect, i.e., if the correct functionality is revealed, a verification checkguarantees the same. Our empirical analysis shows that SynthAttack can breakHOLL for small circuits and small key relations, but it is ineffective forreal-life designs.

HOLL: Program Synthesis for Higher OrderLogic Locking