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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our society by forcing shutdowns andshifting the way people interacted worldwide. In relation to the impacts on theelectric grid, it created a significant decrease in energy demands across theglobe. Recent studies have shown that the low demand conditions caused byCOVID-19 lockdowns combined with large renewable generation have resulted inextremely low-inertia grid conditions. In this work, we examine how an attackercould exploit these {scenarios} to cause unsafe grid operating conditions byexecuting load-altering attacks (LAAs) targeted at compromising hundreds ofthousands of IoT-connected high-wattage loads in low-inertia power systems. Ourstudy focuses on analyzing the impact of the COVID-19 mitigation measures onU.S. regional transmission operators (RTOs), formulating a plausible andrealistic least-effort LAA targeted at transmission systems with low-inertiaconditions, and evaluating the probability of these large-scale LAAs.Theoretical and simulation results are presented based on the WSCC 9-bus {andIEEE 118-bus} test systems. Results demonstrate how adversaries could provokemajor frequency disturbances by targeting vulnerable load buses in low-inertiasystems and offer insights into how the temporal fluctuations of renewableenergy sources, considering generation scheduling, impact the grid'svulnerability to LAAs.

Load-Altering Attacks Against Power Grids under COVID-19 Low-Inertia Conditions