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Saturn's C ring contains multiple structures that appear to be density wavesdriven by time-variable anomalies in the planet's gravitational field.Semi-empirical extensions of density wave theory enable the observed waveproperties to be translated into information about how the pattern speeds andamplitudes of these gravitational anomalies have changed over time. Combiningthese theoretical tools with wavelet-based analyses of data obtained by theVisual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraftreveals a suite of structures in Saturn's gravity field with azimuthalwavenumber 3, rotation rates between 804 degrees/day and 842 degrees/day andlocal gravitational potential amplitudes between 30 and 150 cm^2/s^2. Some ofthese anomalies are transient, appearing and disappearing over the course of afew Earth years, while others persist for decades. Most of these persistentpatterns appear to have roughly constant pattern speeds, but there is at leastone structure in the planet's gravitational field whose rotation rate steadilyincreased between 1970 and 2010. This gravitational field structure appears toinduce two different asymmetries in the planet's gravity field, one withazimuthal wavenumber 3 that rotates at roughly 810 degrees/day and another withazimuthal wavenumber 1 rotating three times faster. The atmospheric processesresponsible for generating the latter pattern may involve solar tides.

Kronoseismology VI: Reading the recent history of Saturn's gravity field in its rings