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Liquids crystallize as they cool; however, when crystallization is avoided insome way, they supercool, maintaining their liquidity, and freezing into glassat low temperatures, as ubiquitously observed. These metastable statescrystallize over time through the classical dynamics of nucleation and growth.However, it was recently found that Coulomb interacting electrons oncharge-frustrated triangular lattices exhibit supercooled liquid and glass withquantum nature and they crystallize, raising fundamental issues : what featuresare universal to crystallization at large and specific to that of quantumsystems? Here, we report our experimental challenges that address this issuethrough the spatiotemporal observation of electronic crystallization in anorganic material. With Raman microspectroscopy, we are the first tosuccessfully perform real-space and real-time imaging of electroniccrystallization. The results directly capture strongly temperature-dependentcrystallization profiles indicating that nucleation and growth proceed atdistinctive temperature-dependent rates, which is common to conventionalcrystallization. Remarkably, however, the growth rate is many orders ofmagnitude larger than that in the conventional case, which is attributable tothe quantum effect. The temperature characteristics of nucleation and growthare universal, whereas unusually fast growth kinetics features quantumcrystallization where a quantum-to-classical catastrophe occurs in interactingelectrons.

Spatiotemporal observation of quantum crystallization of electrons