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The requirement of high space-time resolution and brightness is a greatchallenge for imaging atomic motion and making molecular movies. Importantbreakthroughs in ultrabright tabletop laser, x-ray and electron sources haveenabled the direct imaging of evolving molecular structures in chemicalprocesses. And recent experimental advances in preparing ultrafast laser andelectron pulses equipped molecular imaging with femtosecond time resolution.This Perspectives present an overview of versatile imaging methods of moleculardynamics. High-order harmonic generation imaging and photoelectron diffractionimaging are based on laser-induced ionization and rescattering processes.Coulomb explosion imaging retrieves molecular structural information bydetecting the momentum vectors of fragmented ions. Diffraction imaging encodesmolecular structural and electronic information in reciprocal space. We alsopresent various applications of these ultrafast imaging methods in resolvinglaser-induced nuclear and electronic dynamics.

Perspective: Ultrafast Imaging of Molecular Dynamics Using Ultrafast Low-Frequency Lasers, X-ray Free Electron Laser and Electron Pulses