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The information provided to a person's visual system by extended reality (XR)displays is not a veridical match to the information provided by the realworld. Due in part to graphical limitations in XR head-mounted displays (HMDs),which vary by device, our perception of space may be altered. However, we donot yet know which properties of virtual objects rendered by HMDs --particularly augmented reality displays -- influence our ability to understandspace. In the current research, we evaluate how immersive graphics affectspatial perception across three unique XR displays: virtual reality (VR), videosee-through augmented reality (VST AR), and optical see-through augmentedreality (OST AR). We manipulated the geometry of the presented objects as wellas the shading techniques for objects' cast shadows. Shape and shadow wereselected for evaluation as they play an important role in determining where anobject is in space by providing points of contact between an object and itsenvironment -- be it real or virtual. Our results suggest that anon-photorealistic (NPR) shading technique, in this case for cast shadows, maybe used to improve depth perception by enhancing perceived surface contact inXR. Further, the benefit of NPR graphics is more pronounced in AR than in VRdisplays. One's perception of ground contact is influenced by an object'sshape, as well. However, the relationship between shape and surface contactperception is more complicated.

Stay in Touch! Shape and Shadow Influence Surface Contact in XR Displays