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Understanding how to structure a porous electrode to facilitate fluid, mass,and charge transport is key to enhance the performance of electrochemicaldevices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and redox flow batteries (RFBs).Using a parallel computational framework, direct numerical simulations arecarried out on idealized porous electrode microstructures for RFBs. Strategiesto improve electrode design starting from a regular lattice are explored. Weobserve that by introducing vacancies in the ordered arrangement, it ispossible to achieve higher voltage efficiency at a given current density,thanks to improved mixing of reactive species, despite reducing the totalreactive surface. Careful engineering of the location of vacancies, resultingin a density gradient, outperforms disordered configurations. Our simulationframework is a new tool to explore transport phenomena in RFBs and our findingssuggest new ways to design performant electrodes.

Less can be more: Insights on the role of electrode microstructure in redox flow batteries from 2D direct numerical simulations