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Coal extraction was an influential economic activity in interwar Japan. Inthe initial stage, coal mines used males and females as the miners worked inthe pits. However, the innovation of labor-saving technologies and the renewalof traditional extraction methodology induced institutional change through therevision of labor regulations on female miners in the early 1930s. Thisdramatically changed the mines as the place where skilled males were theprincipal miners engaged in the underground works. I investigate the impact ofcoal mining on regional growth and assess how the institutional change inducedby the labor regulations affected its process. By linking the locationinformation of mines with registration- and census-based statistics, I foundthat coal mines led to remarkable population growth. The labor regulations didnot stagnate but accelerated the local population growth as they forced femaleminers to exit from the labor market and form their families. The regulationsprohibited risky underground works by female miners. This reduction inoccupational hazards also improved early-life mortality via the mortalityselection mechanism in utero.

Technology, Institution, and Regional Growth: Evidence from Mineral Mining Industry in Industrializing Japan