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The objective of this chapter is to propose some retrospective analysis ofthe evolution of programming abstractions, from {\em procedures}, {\emobjects}, {\em actors}, {\em components}, {\em services}, up to {\em agents},%have some compare concepts of software component and of agent (and multi-agentsystem), %The method chosen is to by replacing them within a general historicalperspective. Some common referential with three axes/dimensions is chosen: {\emaction selection} at the level of one entity, {\em coupling flexibility}between entities, and {\em abstraction level}. We indeed may observe somecontinuous quest for higher flexibility (through notions such as {\em latebinding}, or {\em reification} of {\em connections}) and higher level of {\emabstraction}. Concepts of components, services and agents have some commonobjectives (notably, {\em software modularity and reconfigurability}), withmulti-agent systems raising further concepts of {\em autonomy} and {\emcoordination}. notably through the notion of {\em auto-organization} and theuse of {\em knowledge}. We hope that this analysis helps at highlighting someof the basic forces motivating the progress of programming abstractions andtherefore that it may provide some seeds for the reflection about futureprogramming abstractions.

From Procedures, Objects, Actors, Components, Services, to Agents -- A Comparative Analysis of the History and Evolution of Programming Abstractions