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To reduce the leakage power of inactive (dark) silicon components, modernprocessor systems shut-off these components' power supply using low-leakagetransistors, called power-gates. Unfortunately, power-gates increase thesystem's power-delivery impedance and voltage guardband, limiting the system'smaximum attainable voltage (i.e., Vmax) and, thus, the CPU core's maximumattainable frequency (i.e., Fmax). As a result, systems that are performanceconstrained by the CPU frequency (i.e., Fmax-constrained), such as high-enddesktops, suffer significant performance loss due to power-gates.  To mitigate this performance loss, we propose DarkGates, a hybrid systemarchitecture that increases the performance of Fmax-constrained systems whilefulfilling their power efficiency requirements. DarkGates is based on three keytechniques: i) bypassing on-chip power-gates using package-level resources(called bypass mode), ii) extending power management firmware to supportoperation either in bypass mode or normal mode, and iii) introducing deeperidle power states.  We implement DarkGates on an Intel Skylake microprocessor for client devicesand evaluate it using a wide variety of workloads. On a real 4-core Skylakesystem with integrated graphics, DarkGates improves the average performance ofSPEC CPU2006 workloads across all thermal design power (TDP) levels (35W-91W)between 4.2% and 5.3%. DarkGates maintains the performance of 3DMark workloadsfor desktop systems with TDP greater than 45W while for a 35W-TDP (the lowestTDP) desktop it experiences only a 2% degradation. In addition, DarkGatesfulfills the requirements of the ENERGY STAR and the Intel Ready Mode energyefficiency benchmarks of desktop systems.

DarkGates: A Hybrid Power-Gating Architecture to Mitigate the Performance Impact of Dark-Silicon in High Performance Processors