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Cells accomplish diverse functions using the same molecular building blocks,from setting up cytoplasmic flows to generating mechanical forces. Inparticular, transitions between these non-equilibrium states are triggered byregulating the expression and activity of cytoskeletal proteins. However, howthese proteins set the large-scale mechanics of the cytoskeleton and drive suchnon-equilibrium phase transitions remain poorly understood. Here, we show thata minimal network of biopolymers, molecular motors, and crosslinkers exhibitstwo distinct emergent behaviors depending on its composition, spontaneouslyflowing like an active fluid, or buckling like an active solid. Molecularmotors play a dual antagonistic role, fluidizing or stiffening the networkdepending on the ATP concentration. By combining experiments, continuum theory,and chemical kinetics, we identify how to assemble materials with targetedactivity and elasticity by setting the concentrations of each component. Activeand elastic stresses can be further manipulated in situ by light-induced pulsesof motor activity, controlling the solid-to-fluid transition. These resultshighlight how cytoskeletal stresses regulate the self-organization of livingmatter and set the foundations for the rational design and control of activematerials.

Dual antagonistic role of motor proteins in fluidizing active networks