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The cytoskeleton relies on diverse populations of motors, filaments, andbinding proteins acting in concert to enable non-equilibrium processes rangingfrom mitosis to chemotaxis. Its versatile reconfigurability, programmed byinteractions between its constituents, make the cytoskeleton foundationalactive matter. Yet, current active matter endeavors are limited largely tosingle force-generating components acting on a single substrate, far from thecomposite cytoskeleton in cells. Here, we engineer actin-microtubuledouble-networks, driven by kinesin and myosin motors and tuned by crosslinkers,to ballistically restructure and flow with speeds that span three orders ofmagnitude depending on the composite formulation and time relative to the onsetof motor activity. Differential dynamic microscopy analyses reveal that kinesinand myosin compete to delay the onset of acceleration and suppress discreterestructuring events, while passive crosslinking of either actin ormicrotubules has an opposite effect. Our minimal advection-diffusion model andspatial correlation analyses correlate these dynamics to structure, with motorantagonism suppressing reconfiguration and de-mixing, while crosslinkingenhances clustering. Despite the rich formulation space and emergentformulation-dependent structures, the non-equilibrium dynamics across allnetworks and timescales can be organized into three classes: slow isotropicreorientation, fast directional flow, and multimode restructuring. Moreover,our mathematical model demonstrates that diverse structural motifs can arisesimply from the interplay between motor-driven advection and frictional drag.These general features of our platform facilitate applicability to other activematter systems, and shed light on diverse ways that cytoskeletal components cancooperate or compete to enable wide-ranging cellular processes.

Motor antagonism dictates emergent dynamics in active double networks tuned by crosslinkers