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Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) is envisioned to be a heterogeneousnetwork of nanoscale and biological devices, so called Bio-Nano Things (BNTs),communicating via non-conventional means, e.g., molecular communications (MC),in non-conventional environments, e.g., inside human body. The main objectiveof this emerging networking framework is to enable direct and seamlessinteraction with biological systems for accurate sensing and control of theirdynamics in real time. This close interaction between bio and cyber domainswith unprecedentedly high spatio-temporal resolution is expected to open upvast opportunities to devise novel applications, especially in healthcare area,such as intrabody continuous health monitoring. There are, however, substantialchallenges to be overcome if the enormous potential of the IoBNT is to berealized. These range from developing feasible nanocommunication and energyharvesting techniques for BNTs to handling the big data generated by IoBNT. Inthis survey, we attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the IoBNTframework along with its main components and applications. An investigation ofkey technological challenges is presented together with a detailed review ofthe state-of-the-art approaches and a discussion of future research directions.

Internet of Bio-Nano Things: A Review of Applications, Enabling Technologies and Key Challenges