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We introduce the Merger Entropy Index ($\mathcal{I}_\mathrm{BBH}$), a newparameter to measure the efficiency of entropy transfer for any generic binaryblack hole merger in General Relativity. We find that$\mathcal{I}_\mathrm{BBH}$ is bounded between an asymptotic maximum andminimum. For the observed population of mergers detected by LIGO and Virgo, wefind that $\mathcal{I}_\mathrm{BBH}$ is $\lesssim30\%$ of its theoreticalmaximum. By imposing the thermodynamical consistency between the pre- andpost-merger states through $\mathcal{I}_\mathrm{BBH}$, we showcase BRAHMA -- anovel framework to infer the properties and astrophysical implications ofgravitational-wave detections. For GW190521 -- the heaviest confirmed binaryblack hole merger observed so far -- our framework rules out high mass-ratio,negative effective inspiral spin, and electromagnetic counterpart claims.Furthermore, our analysis provides an independent confirmation that GW190521belongs to a separate population.

Thermodynamics to infer the astrophysics of binary black hole mergers