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A global trend in increasing wind turbine size and distances from shore isemerging within the rapidly growing offshore wind farm market. In the UK, theoffshore wind sector produced its highest amount of electricity in the UK in2019, a 19.6% increase on the year before. Currently, the UK is set to increaseproduction further, targeting a 74.7% increase of installed turbine capacity asreflected in recent Crown Estate leasing rounds. With such tremendous growth,the sector is now looking to Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (RAI) inorder to tackle lifecycle service barriers as to support sustainable andprofitable offshore wind energy production. Today, RAI applications arepredominately being used to support short term objectives in operation andmaintenance. However, moving forward, RAI has the potential to play a criticalrole throughout the full lifecycle of offshore wind infrastructure, fromsurveying, planning, design, logistics, operational support, training anddecommissioning. This paper presents one of the first systematic reviews of RAIfor the offshore renewable energy sector. The state-of-the-art in RAI isanalyzed with respect to offshore energy requirements, from both industry andacademia, in terms of current and future requirements. Our review also includesa detailed evaluation of investment, regulation and skills development requiredto support the adoption of RAI. The key trends identified through a detailedanalysis of patent and academic publication databases provide insights tobarriers such as certification of autonomous platforms for safety complianceand reliability, the need for digital architectures for scalability inautonomous fleets, adaptive mission planning for resilient resident operationsand optimization of human machine interaction for trusted partnerships betweenpeople and autonomous assistants.

A Review: Challenges and Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in the Offshore Wind Sector